from Muda (Japanese for waste). The following types of waste are described:
- Overproduction (making more than currently needed)
- High stocks (final, semi-finished products, vendor parts and materials stored as stocks do not add value)
- Rework/errors (faulty products disrupt the production flow and require expensive repair)
- Area (too much occupied area is a waste of infrastructure)
- Search/transit times (all search and transit times are wasteful)
- Waiting times (‘idle hands’ of an employee, process cycle not optimised)
- Transport times and routes (movement of materials or products does not add value)